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Published on: Jun 24, 2026

Identical or Similar Trademark

A trademark cannot be registered if it is identical or similar to an earlier registered trademark or trademarks. According to Section 11(1) of the Trade Marks Act 1999 - a trade mark shall not be registered if, because of its identity or similarity with earlier trade mark(s) and because of identity or similarity of goods or services covered by such trademarks, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public, which includes the likelihood of association with the earlier trade mark. In this article, we look at what is considered as an identical or similar trademark in detail.

Identical Trademark

A mark is identical with the trade mark where it reproduces without any modification or additions, all elements constituting the trade mark or where, viewed as a whole it contains differences so insignificant that they may go unnoticed by an average consumer. Hence, the criteria for classification of a mark as an identical trademark is relatively straightforward and simple.

Similarity of Trademark

The terms similarity of trademarks is to be construed as “deceptively similar” which expression has been defined “as so nearly resembling that other mark as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion”.

For likelihood of confusion to exist it must be probable; it is not necessary that actual confusion has arisen or should arise in the mind of public i.e. the average consumer. Hence, if if its is probable for confusion to arise in the mind of the average consumer, as to resembling another existing trademark or trademark for which application has been filed previously, then the mark can be considered similar.

Further, the three most relevant factors in examination of trade mark applications by the Trademark Office will usually be:

  1. The similarities and differences between the respective trademarks;
  2. How distinctive the earlier mark is;
  3. The degree of similarity between the respective goods or services.

Comparing Two Trademarks for Similarity

The rules for comparing two trademarks for similarity has been developed over the years based on the Parker J. in Pianotist case:

“You must take the two words, you must judge them by the look and by the sound, you must consider the goods to which they are to be applied, the nature and kind of customer who would be likely to buy the goods. Consider all the surrounding circumstances, as to what is likely to happen if each of those trademarks is used in the normal way as a trade mark for the goods, the respective owners of the mark. If there is likely to be confusion, the application must be refused.”

Hence, some of the main principles for comparison of trademarks are:

  1. Comparison should be made from the point of view of a person of average intelligence and of imperfect recollection.
  2. The overall structural, visual & phonetic similarity and similarity of the idea in the two marks and the fact as to whether it is reasonable likelihood to cause confusion should be taken into account.
  3. The trademark must be considered as a whole. It is not right to take a part of the trademark and compare it with part of the other trademark;
  4. No meticulous or letter by letter comparison is required. Side by side comparison is not the correct test.

Further, additional precautions are required where the goods are medicinal preparations as possibility of confusion over marks on medicinal products - because the potential harm may be far more dire than that in a confusion over ordinary consumer products.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about Trademark Registration and Similarity Analysis in India.

An identical trademark is one that reproduces all elements of an earlier registered trademark without any modifications or additions, or contains differences so insignificant that they may go unnoticed by an average consumer. The criteria for classifying a mark as an identical trademark is relatively straightforward and simple.
Similarity of trademarks is construed as "deceptively similar," meaning the trademarks resemble each other so closely that they are likely to deceive or cause confusion among the public or average consumers. Even if actual confusion has not arisen, if it is probable that confusion may arise, the marks can be considered similar.
The three most relevant factors in examining trademark applications for similarity are: the similarities and differences between the respective trademarks, how distinctive the earlier mark is, and the degree of similarity between the respective goods or services covered by the trademarks.
Two trademarks are compared for similarity by considering the overall structural, visual, and phonetic similarity, as well as the similarity of the idea or concept behind the marks. The comparison is done from the perspective of a person of average intelligence and imperfect recollection, taking into account the likelihood of confusion in normal use.
No, a meticulous or letter-by-letter comparison is not required. The trademarks must be considered as a whole, and side-by-side comparison is not the correct test. The overall impression and likelihood of confusion should be evaluated.
Yes, additional precautions are required when comparing trademarks for medicinal preparations or products, as the potential harm from confusion over such marks may be more severe than confusion over ordinary consumer products.
The likelihood of confusion among the public or average consumers is a crucial factor in determining whether two trademarks are considered similar. If it is probable that confusion may arise, even if actual confusion has not occurred, the marks can be deemed similar.
No, trademarks are not compared solely based on their visual appearance. The comparison also takes into account the overall structural similarity, phonetic similarity, and the similarity of the idea or concept behind the marks.
Yes, the distinctiveness of the earlier registered trademark is one of the three most relevant factors considered when examining trademark applications for similarity. A more distinctive earlier mark may be given more weight in the comparison.
No, it is not appropriate to take a part of one trademark and compare it with a part of another trademark. The trademarks must be considered as a whole, and the overall impression and likelihood of confusion should be evaluated.