Essential Commodities Act, 1980

The Prevention of Black-Marketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act (PMSECA), 1980 seeks to address black-marketing and hoarding. The act can be used by central, state and Union Territories (UT) to detain individuals or groups involved in unethical trade practices. The Act aims to identify and regulate the unrecorded and informal economy.

Overview

Hoarding is considered as an activity that involves purchasing a large number of commodities and selling it when there is a lack of stock. Such activity is often associated with monopolies and the creation of a false market shortage. The act of involving hoarding, especially with essential

commodities, can lead to legal consequences. Like hoarding, black marketing involves illegal business transactions, and they are prohibited by the Government of India. Similar restrictions are placed by other countries under their jurisdictions to prevent activities like human trafficking, drug trade, illegal money trade, etc.

Scope

The Act was enacted on February 12

th, 1980, and there are provisions and punishments for persons who commit black marketing or hoarding.

The Act empowers the state government and central government or an official representative to detain individuals or groups committing black marketing or hoarding.
The Act empowers district magistrates as well as the commissioner of police to take legal action against offenders.
The Act does not extend to the state of Jammu Kashmir

Definition of Essential Commodities

Petroleum and all petroleum products including kerosene, diesel, naptha, solvents and other similar product
Food products including all edible oils, seeds, pulses, rice, vanaspati, sugar, rice paddy and related items
Jute and textiles
Drugs (Prices controlled by the DPCO)
Fertilisers (Controlled by the Fertilizer Control Order)

Changes to Essential Commodities Act, 1955

The Department of Consumer (DCA) Affairs brought in several changes to the Essential Commodities (EC) Act in 2014. The revisions to the EC Act have created a subsequent impact to enforce the act with authority. Hoarding and black marketing have been enforced as a non-bailable offence. Abetting the offences under the Act leads to a fine, imprisonment or both. The act can also detain any business licenses indefinitely leading to penalty or penalisation as defined by the court of law.

Implementation of the Act

Implementation of the act by Government of India:

Controlling the price at which an essential commodity may be bought or sold
Regulating licenses, permits and manufacturing
Prohibiting withholding of sale of any essential commodities (hoarding)
Prohibiting under-cultivation of land used for growing food crops

Revisions have been done over the years, and products like herbicides, fungicides, potatoes, onions have also been marked as essential commodities. Iron and

steel were temporarily added as well. Stock limits are decided by executing authorities for each commodity. The Act enables the State and Central governments to impose stock limits and a crackdown on black marketers and hoarders. It enables the supply of essential commodities to be monitored for proper flow, and smooth supply is ensured. The Centre and State Governments define stock limits for all necessary products. Upon differences between the Centre and State governments, the assigned value by the Centre will be considered as the upper limit.

Legal Requirements to Control Black Marketing and Hoarding

The Government of India implemented the following changes to reduce instances of black marketing and hoarding:

Businesses that deal with non-perishable essential commodities need to be licensed and registered.
All dealers and traders need to obtain a license if their turnover exceeds the prescribed quantity.

Punishment for Violating the Act

Offenders will be put on trial under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (10 of 1955) or any other as mentioned for the wrongful act. The trail shall be executed by a special court or a special designated court, and all offences under the Act are non-bailable. Any person or organisation found guilty of violating the act will lead to the detention of the business following with a jail term for the individual.

Absconding or Avoiding the Order

Any individual absconding or avoiding the order should be reported to the Metropolitan or Judicial magistrate. The punishment shall be implemented under 82, 83, 84 and 85 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. If proven guilty after the examination of records and books, a jail term up to a year will be handed out for minor offences. For major offences, the jail term can be extended up to seven years with fine or both.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about Essential Commodities Act 1980: Black Marketing Control.

The PMSECA, 1980 is an act that seeks to address black-marketing and hoarding of essential commodities. It empowers the central, state, and Union Territories (UT) governments to detain individuals or groups involved in unethical trade practices related to essential commodities.

Hoarding is considered an activity that involves purchasing a large number of commodities and selling them when there is a lack of stock, creating an artificial shortage in the market. The act prohibits hoarding, especially of essential commodities, and violators can face legal consequences.

The act defines essential commodities as petroleum products, food items (edible oils, pulses, rice, sugar), jute and textiles, drugs (price-controlled by DPCO), and fertilizers (controlled by the Fertilizer Control Order).

The act empowers state governments, central government, district magistrates, and commissioners of police to take legal action against offenders involved in black marketing or hoarding of essential commodities. They can detain individuals or groups, revoke business licenses, and impose fines or imprisonment.

Offenders found guilty of violating the act can face detention, jail terms ranging from one year for minor offenses to seven years for major offenses, and fines. All offenses under the act are non-bailable.

In 2014, the Department of Consumer Affairs brought in several changes, including making hoarding and black marketing non-bailable offenses, allowing for the indefinite suspension of business licenses, and introducing penalties or penalization as defined by the court of law.

The act enables the government to control the prices at which essential commodities can be bought or sold, regulate licenses and permits for manufacturing, prohibit withholding the sale of essential commodities (hoarding), and prohibit under-cultivation of land used for growing food crops.

The Centre and State Governments define stock limits for all necessary products. In case of differences, the assigned value by the Centre will be considered as the upper limit.

Businesses dealing with non-perishable essential commodities need to be licensed and registered. All dealers and traders need to obtain a license if their turnover exceeds the prescribed quantity.

Any individual absconding or avoiding the order should be reported to the Metropolitan or Judicial magistrate. The punishment shall be implemented under Sections 82, 83, 84, and 85 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.