Commonly Used Legal Terms

A list of Common Legal Terms that every Entrepreneur, Business Owners and Common Man must know. Knowing the meaning of the following legal terms can help you easily understand a conversation with a

Lawyer and comprehend legal matters.

Affidavit

The affidavit is a sworn statement made by a party, in writing, in the presence of an oath commissioner or a

notary public. Affidavits are used as evidence in court proceedings. An affidavit in reply to a petition, filed by a respondent, is called a counter-affidavit. The petitioner’s response to a counter is called a rejoinder affidavit.

Appeal

The appeal is a process by which the correctness of the decision of a lower court or tribunal is questioned in a higher court.

Arbitration

Arbitration serves as a method for two parties to resolve a dispute through a private dispute resolution procedure instead of going to court.

Attestation

Attestation is authentication of a signature by an authorised person, who could be an oaths commissioner or a notary public.

Bench

The composition of judges sitting to hear a matter in court. In the High Court, judges can sit singly, in division benches of two judges or in full benches of three or more judges. In the Supreme Court, the vacation judge or judge in chambers may sit singly; division benches comprise two or three judges; constitution benches five or more judges.

Cause List

Cause list contains information like the bench, courtroom number and the position of the matter. The Registry issues cause list on the matters to be heard by the court on any day.

Cognisable Offence

Cognisable offence means a police officer has the authority to make an arrest without a warrant and to start an investigation with or without the permission of a court.

Contempt of Court

A party willfully disobeying an order of a court can be held in contempt of that court. Under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 this is defined as ’civil contempt’. Any act that lowers the authority of the Court or interferes with the course of justice is defined as ’criminal contempt’. Each court has the power to punish anyone committing contempt of a court.

Intervenor

An intervenor is a person who is not a party to the proceedings, with the permission of the court, intervene in a case, if the outcome of the case will affect such person in some way. An intervenor does not become a party, does not have an automatic right to be heard, but may file an affidavit.

Issue Notice

When a Court decides to consider a case, it asks the respondents to explain why the case should not be admitted (show cause). This is done by a notice sent to the respondents which give the details of the case and the next date of hearing along with a copy of the petition. If the respondent does not appear on this date, the court may proceed ex parte.

Stay Order

Stay order is an application filed seeking an interim court order to prevent the respondents from performing an action or to prevent an order from being carried out.

Sub judice

A matter pending a decision by a Court is called sub judice. Parties to such a matter should not do anything that would affect the outcome of the case.

Suo Motu

The Court may take action on its own when facts requiring legal intervention reach its notice. Then the court is sais to be suo moto.

Vakalathnama

The document by which an advocate is authorised to represent a party in court.

Writ & Writ Petition

A writ is a direction that the Court issues, which is to be obeyed by the authority/person to whom it is issued. A petition seeking issuance of a writ is a writ petition.

Back to Learn

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about Understanding Common Legal Terms for Entrepreneurs in Finance.

An affidavit is a sworn written statement made by a party in the presence of an authorized person like an oath commissioner or a notary public. It is used as evidence in court proceedings. An affidavit filed by a respondent in response to a petition is called a counter-affidavit, and the petitioner's reply to that is called a rejoinder affidavit.

The purpose of an appeal is to question the correctness of the decision of a lower court or tribunal in a higher court. It provides an opportunity to review and potentially overturn or modify the ruling of a lower judicial authority.

Arbitration is a private dispute resolution procedure where two parties resolve their disagreement outside of court, with the help of an arbitrator. Unlike a court case, arbitration is typically faster, more informal, and confidential, allowing parties to avoid the lengthy and public court process.

A cognizable offense is a type of offense where a police officer has the authority to make an arrest without a warrant and to initiate an investigation with or without the permission of a court. It is considered a more serious offense compared to non-cognizable offenses.

Contempt of court refers to willfully disobeying an order of a court (civil contempt) or any act that lowers the authority of the court or interferes with the course of justice (criminal contempt). Each court has the power to punish individuals found guilty of contempt.

An intervenor is someone who is not a party to the proceedings but is allowed by the court to intervene in a case if the outcome will affect them in some way. An intervenor can file an affidavit but does not become a party and does not have an automatic right to be heard.

A stay order is an interim court order sought by a party to prevent the respondents from performing an action or to prevent an order from being carried out until the case is resolved. It helps maintain the status quo while the matter is being decided.

A matter is said to be sub judice when it is pending a decision by a court. Parties to such a matter should not take any action that could affect the outcome of the case until a final judgment is made.

A writ petition is a petition filed in court seeking the issuance of a writ, which is a direction or order that the court issues to be obeyed by the authority or person to whom it is addressed.

A vakalathnama is a document by which an advocate or lawyer is authorized to represent a party in court proceedings. It grants the advocate the legal authority to act on behalf of the party in the case.